non sibi sed toti	Classics Teaching Resources

Lempriere's Classical Dictionary From time to time I intend to add pages from this standard, if dated, work of reference. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Livy to Lucan From time to time I intend to add pages from this standard, if dated, work of reference. Here I offer pages 326 to 327. campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the Roman armies. Liv. ——Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious views of C. Gracchus. Plut. in Graec. —— An uncle of Cato of Utica, Plut. -—-Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronised the learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with the name of Patavinity, yet the expressions, or rather the orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar notions and superstitious tales He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of a credulous age. His candour has also been called into question, and he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice and virtue. Th works of Livy have been divided by some of the moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedon; and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These are the books that remain of Livy's history, and the loss which the celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by the labours of J. Freinshemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems be superior to the others, yet the author has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols. 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 vols. 4to, Amst. 1731 ; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols. 12mo, Edin. 1751. ——A governor of Tarentum. who delivered his trust to Annibal, &c .——A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes. ——A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont. Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antaeus had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. ItaL 3, v. 258. —Mela^ 3, c. io.—Strab. 2. ——A son of Aegyptus, Apollod. Lobon, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets. Diog. Loceus, a man who,conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c. Curt. 6, c. 7. Locha, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio's soldiers. Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria. Locri, a town of Magna Graecia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the Christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses, Virg. Aen. 3, 399,—Strab.—Plin.—Liv. 22, c. 6. 1. 23, c. 30. —A town of Locris in Greece. Locris, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name of Ozolae, Epicnemidii, and Opuntii. The country of the Ozolae, called also Epizephyrii from their westerly situation, was at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward. On the west it was separated from Aetolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolae, and had the bay of Malta at the east, and Oeta on the north. They received their name from the situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their name from their chief city called Opus, were situted on the borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Euboea. Plin. 3, c. $.—Strab. 6, &c*—PM.— Mela.—Liv. 26, c. 26. 1. 28, c. 6.—Pans. Ach. &* Phoc. Locusta, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Nero himself, for which she was executed. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 66, &c.—Suet. in Ner. 33. Locutius. Vid. Aius. Lollia Paulina, a beautiful woman, daughter of M. Lollius, who married C. Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. Tacit. Ann. 12. c. 1 etc. Lollianus Spurius, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after murdered. M Lollius, a companion and tutor of C. Caesar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c. Tac. Ann. 3. Londinium, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between the age of Julius Caesar and Nero. It has been severally called Londinium, Lundinum, &c. Ammianus calls it vetustum oppidum. It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town, in the age of Nero. Tacit Ann. 14, c. 33.—Ammian. Longarenus, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla's daughter. Horat. i, sat. 2, v. 67. Longimanus, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer than the other. The Greeks called him Macrochir. C. Nep. in Reg. Longinus Dionysius Cassius, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273. At the moment of death, he showed himself great and resolute, and with a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end. Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical by his critical remarks on ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen 1694 and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxon. 1778. —— Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of J. Caesar. He was made governor of Spain by Caesar, &c. ——A governor of Judea. --A proconsul. ——A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a picture of Cassius, one of Caesar's murderers. Juv. 10. v.6 Longobardi, a nation of Germany. Tacit. de German. Longula, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. Liv. 2 c. 33 & 39, l.7, c. 39. Longuntica, a maritime city of Spain Tarra conensis. Livy 22, c.20. Longus, a Roman consul &c. -- a Greek author who wrote a novel called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are those of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778. Lordi, a people of Illyricum. Loryma, a town of Doris. Liv. 37, c.17. Lotis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called Lotos, consecrated to Venus and Apollo. Ovid Met. 9, v. 348. Lotophagi, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their country, at his return from the Trojan war. Herodot. 4, c. 177. - Strab. 17. - Mela, 1, c. 7. —Plin. 5, c. 7. 1. 13, c. 17. Lous, or Aous, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia. Lua, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified by lustrations, whence the name (a luendo). She is supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea. Luca, now Lucca, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. Liv. 21, c. 5. 1. 41, c. 13.— Cic. ad fam. 13. Lucagus, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Aeneas. Virg. Aen. 10, v. 575. Lucani, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the Brutii. Lucania, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii. The country was famous for its grapes. Strab. 6.— Plin. 3; c, 5.—Mela, 2, c. 4.—Liv. 8, c. 17. 1. 9, c. 2. 1. 10, c. n.—Horat. 2, ep. 2, v. 178. Q. Lucanius, a centurion in Caesar's army, &c. Caes. Bell. G. 5. Lucanus M. Annaeus, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his imperial patron ; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath, and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which, in his Pharsalia, 1, 3, v. 639—642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty. This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan, in not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions, none but his Pharsalia remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars between Caesar and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions, however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings. The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, L. Bat. 1728; of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou,